References

1. Stein JH: Acute renal failure. Lessons from pathophysiology.

   West J Med 1992, 156:176-182. PubMed Abstract

2. Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, Laupacis A, Sackett DL: Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations on the use of antithrombotic agents. Antithrombotic Therapy Consensus Conference.

   Chest 1992, 102:305S-311S. PubMed Abstract

3. Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D, D'Elia J, Silva P: Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide to prevent acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents.

   N Engl J Med 1994, 331:1416-1420. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

4. Weinstein JM, Heyman S, Brezis M: Potential deleterious effect of furosemide in radiocontrast nephropathy.

   Nephron 1992, 62:413-415. PubMed Abstract

5. Beall AC, Holman MR, Morris GC, DeBakey ME: Mannitol-induced osmotic diuresis during vascular surgery.

   Arch Surg 1963, 86:34-42.

6. Powers SR, Boba A, Hostnik W, Stein A: Prevention of postoperative acute renal failure with mannitol in 100 cases.

   Surgery 1964, 35:15-23.

7. Better OS, Stein JH: Early management of shock and prophylaxis of acute renal failure in traumatic rhabdomyolysis.

   N Engl J Med 1990, 322:825-829. PubMed Abstract

8. Hager B, Betschart M, Krapf R: Effect of postoperative intravenous loop diuretic on renal function after major surgery.

   Schweiz Med Wochensch 1996, 126:666-673.

9. Ip–Yam PC, Murphy S, Baines M, Fox MA, Desmond MJ, Innes PA: Renal function and proteinuria after cardiopulmonary bypass: the effects of temperature and mannitol.

   Anesth Analg 1994, 78:842-847. PubMed Abstract

10. Gubern JM, Sancho JJ, Simo J, Sitges-Serra A: A randomized trial on the effect of mannitol on postoperative renal function in patients with obstructive jaundice.

    Surgery 1988, 103:39-44. PubMed Abstract

11. Kleinknecht D, Ganeval D, Gonzales-Duque LA, Fermanian J: Furosemide in acute oliguric renal failure. A controlled trial.

    Nephron 1976, 17:51-58. PubMed Abstract

12. Brown CB, Ogg CS, Cameron JS: High dose furosemide in acute renal failure: a controlled trial.

    Clin Nephrol 1981, 15:90-96. PubMed Abstract

13. Flancbaum L, Choban PS, Dasta JF: Quantitative effects of low-dose dopamine on urine output in oliguric surgical intensive care unit patients.

    Crit Care Med 1994, 22:61-66. PubMed Abstract

14. Lherm T, Trouche G, Rossignol M, Bordes P, Zazzo JF: Renal effects of low-dose dopamine in patients with sepsis syndrome or septic shock treated with catecholamines.

    Intensive Care Med 1996, 22:213-219. PubMed Abstract

15. Antonucci F, Calo L, Rizzolo M, et al.: Nifedipine can preserve renal function in patients undergoing aortic surgery with infrarenal crossclamping.

    Nephron 1996, 74:668-673. PubMed Abstract

16. Girbes AR, Lieverse AG, Smit AJ, et al.: Lack of specific renal haemodynamic effects of different doses of dopamine after infrarenal aortic surgery.

    Br J Anaesth 1996, 77:753-757. PubMed Abstract

17. Hansen JM, Olsen NV, Leyssac PP: Renal effects of amino acids and dopamine in renal transplant recipients treated with or without cyclosporin A.

    Clin Sci 1996, 91:489-496. PubMed Abstract

18. de Lasson L, Hansen HE, Juhl B, Paaske WP, Pedersen EB: A randomised, clinical study of the effect of low-dose dopamine on central and renal haemodynamics in infrarenal aortic surgery.

    Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1995, 10:82-90. PubMed Abstract

19. Bryan AG, Bolsin SN, Vianna PT, Haloush H: Modification of the diuretic and natriuretic effects of a dopamine infusion by fluid loading in preoperative cardiac surgical patients.

    J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1995, 9:158-163. PubMed Abstract

20. Duke GJ, Briedis JH, Weaver RA: Renal support in critically ill patients: low-dose dopamine or low-dose dobutamine?

    Crit Care Med 1994, 22:1919-1925. PubMed Abstract

21. Baldwin L, Henderson A, Hickman P: Effect of postoperative low-dose dopamine on renal function after elective major vascular surgery.

    Ann Intern Med 1994, 120:744-747. PubMed Abstract

22. Parks RW, Diamond T, McCrory DC, Johnston GW, Rowlands BJ: Prospective study of postoperative renal function in obstructive jaundice and the effect of perioperative dopamine.

    Br J Surg 1994, 81:437-439. PubMed Abstract

23. Myles PS, Buckland MR, Schenk NJ, et al.: Effect of 'renal-dose' dopamine on renal function following cardiac surgery.

    Anaesth Intensive Care 1993, 21:56-61. PubMed Abstract

24. Weisberg LS, Kurnik PB, Kurnik BR: Dopamine and renal blood flow in radiocontrast-induced nephropathy in humans.

    Ren Fail 1993, 15:61-68. PubMed Abstract

25. Kadieva VS, Friedman L, Margolis LP, Jackson SA, Morrell DF: The effect of dopamine on graft function in patients undergoing renal transplantation.

    Anesth Analg 1993, 76:362-365. PubMed Abstract

26. Palmieri G, Morabito A, Lauria R, Montesarcho V, Matona E, Memoli B: Low-dose dopamine induces early recovery of recombinant interleukin-2 impaired renal function.

    Eur J Cancer 1993, 29A:1119-1122. PubMed Abstract

27. Marik P: Low-dose dopamine in critically ill oliguric patients: the influence of the renin-angiotensin system.

    Heart Lung 1993, 22:171-175. PubMed Abstract

28. Hall KA, Wong RW, Hunter GC, et al.: Contrast-induced nephrotoxicity: the effects of vasodilator therapy.

    J Surg Res 1992, 53:317-320. PubMed Abstract

29. Sandberg J, Tyden G, Groth CG: Low-dose dopamine infusion following cadaveric renal transplantation: no effect on the incidence of ATN.

    Transplant Proc 1992, 24:357. PubMed Abstract

30. Swygert TH, Roberts LC, Valek TR, et al.: Effect of intraoperative low-dose dopamine on renal function in liver transplant recipients.

    Anesthesiology 1991, 75:571-576. PubMed Abstract

31. Wenstone R, Campbell JM, Booker PD, McKay R: Renal function after cardiopulmonary bypass in children: comparison of dopamine with dobutamine.

    Anaesthesia 1991, 67:591-594.

32. Costa P Ottinio GM, Matani A, et al.: Low-dose dopamine during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with renal dysfunction.

    J Cardiothorac Anesth 1990, 4:469-473. PubMed Abstract

33. Somlo G, Doroshow JH, Lev-Ran A, et al.: Effect of low-dose prophylactic dopamine on high-dose cisplatin-induced electrolyte wasting, ototoxicity, and epidermal growth factor excretion: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.

    J Clin Oncol 1995, 18:1281-1287.

34. Graves TA, Cioffi WG, Vaughan GM, et al.: The renal effects of low-dose dopamine in thermally injured patients.

    J Trauma 1993, 35:97-103. PubMed Abstract

35. Cuevas L, Yeh TF, John EG, et al.: The effect of low-dose dopamine infusion on cardiopulmonary and renal status in premature new-borns with respiratory distress syndrome.

    Am J Dis Child 1991, 145:799-803. PubMed Abstract

36. Hilberman M, Maseda J, Stinson EB, et al.: The diuretic properties of dopamine in patients with open-heart operation.

    Anesthesiology 1984, 61:489-494. PubMed Abstract

37. Conte G, Dal CA, Sabbatini M, et al.: Acute cyclosporine renal dysfunction reversed by dopamine infusion in healthy subjects.

    Kidney Int 1989, 36:1086-1092. PubMed Abstract

38. Polson RJ, Park GR, Lindop MJ, Farman JV, Calne RY, Williams R: The prevention of renal impairment in patients undergoing orthotopic liver grafting by infusion of low-dose dopamine.

    Anaesthesia 1987, 42:15-19. PubMed Abstract

39. Grundmann R, Kindler J, Meider G, Stowe H, Sieberth HG, Pichlmaier H: Dopamine treatment of human cadaver kidney graft recipients: a prospectively randomized trial.

    Klin Wochenschr 1982, 60:193-197. PubMed Abstract

40. Davis RF, Lappas DG, Kirklin JK, Buckley MJ, Lowenstein E: Acute oliguria after cardiopulmonary bypass: renal functional improvement with low-dose dopamine infusion.

    Crit Care Med 1982, 10:852-856. PubMed Abstract

41. Parker S, Carlon G, Isaacs M, Howland W, Kahn R: Dopamine administration in oliguria and oliguric renal failure.

    Crit Care Med 1981, 9:630-632. PubMed Abstract

42. Henderson IS, Beattie TJ, Kennedy AC: Dopamine hydrochloride in oliguric states.

    Lancet 1980, 2:827-828. PubMed Abstract

43. Barret BJ: Contrast nephrotoxicity.

    J Am Soc Nephrol 1994, 5:125-137. PubMed Abstract

44. Barret BJ, Parfrey PS: Prevention of nephrotoxicity induced by radiocontrast agents.

    N Engl J Med 1994, 331:1449-1450. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

45. Memoli B, Libetta C, Conte G, Andreucci VE: Loop diuretics and renal vasodilators in acute renal failure.

    Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994, 9 (suppl 4):168-171. PubMed Abstract

46. Brezis M, Rosen S, Silva P, Epstein FH: Transport activity modifies the ascending limb damage in isolated perfused kidney.

    Kidney Int 1984, 25:65-72. PubMed Abstract

47. Shilliday I, Allison ME: Diuretics in acute renal failure.

    Ren Fail 1994, 16:3-17. PubMed Abstract

48. Mangos GJ, Brown MA, Chan WY, Horton D, Trew P, Whitworth JA: Acute renal failure following cardiac surgery: incidence, outcomes and risk factors.

    Aust N Z J Med 1995, 25:284-289. PubMed Abstract

49. Rudy DW, Voelker JR, Greene PK, et al.: Loop diuretics for chronic renal insufficiency: a continuous infusion is more efficacious than bolus therapy.

    Ann Intern Med 1991, 115:360-366. PubMed Abstract

50. Heyman SN, Brezis M, Epstien FH, et al.: Early renal medullary hypoxic injury from radiocontrast and indomethacin.

    Kidney Int 1991, 40:632-642. PubMed Abstract

51. Heyman SN, Rosen S, Brezis M: The renal medulla: life on the edge of hypoxia.

    Blood Purif 1997, 15:232-238. PubMed Abstract

52. Heyman SN, Fuchs S, Brezis M: The role of medullary ischemia in acute renal failure.

    New Horiz 1995, 3:597-607. PubMed Abstract

53. Seri I, Kone BC, Gullans SR, Aperia A, Brenner BM, Ballerman BJ: Locally formed dopamine inhibits Na-K-ATPase activity in rat renal cortical tubule cells.

    Am J Physiol 1988, 255:F666-F673. PubMed Abstract

54. Brezis M, Rosen S, Silva P, et al.: Renal ischemia: a new perspective.

    Kidney Int 1984, 26:375-383. PubMed Abstract

55. Heyman SN, Kaminski N, Brezis M: Dopamine increases renal medullary blood flow without improving regional hypoxia.

    Exp Nephrol 1995, 3:331-337. PubMed Abstract

56. Olsen NV, Hamsen JM, Ladefoged SD, et al.: Renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and water during infusion of low-dose dopamine in normal man.

    Clin Sci 1990, 78:503-507. PubMed Abstract

57. Cottee DB, Saul WP: Is renal-dose dopamine protective or therapeutic? No.

    Crit Care Clin 1996, 12:687-695. PubMed Abstract

58. Denton MD, Chertow GM, Brady HR: 'Renal-dose' dopamine for the treatment of acute renal failure: scientific rationale, experimental studies, and clinical trials.

    Kidney Int 1996, 49:4-14.

59. Segal JM, Phang PT, Walley KR: Low-dose dopamine hastens onset of gut ischemia in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock.

    J Appl Physiol 1992, 73:1159-1164. PubMed Abstract

60. Greene S, Smith J: Dopamine gangrene (letter).

    N Engl J Med 1976, 294:114. PubMed Abstract