Figure 8.

Differences in signaling pathway activation of mechanical ventilation with and without hyperoxia. In previous in vitro and in vivo studies we found ventilation-induced activation of apoptosis signal-regulated kinase 1 (ASK1), nuclear factor-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways [12,25,32]. In the present study, we found that activation of the serine/threonine kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathways was also involved in ventilator-induced neutrophil infiltration, cytokine production, and microvascular permeability with and without hyperoxia. MIP-2 = macrophage inflammatory protein-2; NF = nuclear factor.