Table 1 |
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Categories of medical devices, interference distances and type of incidents per signal |
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|
Type of device or incident |
Number of devices |
Distancea (cm) |
Type of incident per signalb |
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|
|
|
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|
Tested |
Influenced |
GPRS-1 |
GPRS-2 |
UMTS |
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|
|
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|
Intensive care unit ventilator |
9 |
7 |
1.5 [0.1–300] |
6H, 1L |
2H, 1S, 1L |
1H, 2S, 1L |
|
Critical care monitor |
13 |
7 |
3 [0.1–500] |
4S, 3L |
2S, 4L |
|
|
Syringe pump |
7 |
3 |
5 [0.1–50] |
2H, 1S |
S |
S |
|
Volumetric infusion pump |
4 |
1 |
30 |
S |
S |
S |
|
Intra-aortic balloon pump |
2 |
1 |
0.1 |
L |
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|
Haemofiltration/dialysis |
5 |
1 |
15 |
H |
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|
External pacemaker |
4 |
1 |
3 |
H |
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|
Defibrillator |
3 |
1 |
0.1 |
L |
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|
12-lead EKG |
1 |
1 |
150 |
S |
S |
S |
|
Fluid warmer |
2 |
1 |
6 |
S |
S |
|
|
Enteral feeding pump |
2 |
1 |
30 |
H |
H |
|
|
Air humidifier |
1 |
1 |
5 |
H |
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|
EKG telemetry |
1 |
0 |
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|
Forced-air warming unit |
3 |
0 |
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|
Mobile suction unit |
1 |
0 |
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|
Critical care bed |
2 |
0 |
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|
Continuous-airflow mattress |
1 |
0 |
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|
Type of incidentb |
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|
Hazardous |
3.5 [0.1–300] |
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|
Significant |
25 [0.1–500] |
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|
Light |
0.1 [0.1–3] |
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|
Total |
61 |
26 (43%) |
3 [0.1–500] |
25 (41%) |
15 (25%) |
8 (13%) |
|
|
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|
GPRS, General Packet Radio Service; UMTS, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System; EKG, electrocardiogram. aResults are shown as median [range]. bHazardous (H) is defined as a direct physical influence on patient by unintended change in equipment function; significant (S) is defined as an influence on monitoring with a significant level of attention needed, causing substantial distraction from patient care; light (L) is defined as an influence on monitoring without a significant level of attention needed. |
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|
van Lieshout et al. Critical Care 2007 11:R98 doi:10.1186/cc6115 |
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