Figure 1.

Simplified schematic of intracellular signalling for TLRs. AP, activator protein; CpG DNA, cytosine-guanine dinucleotides; dsRNA, double-stranded ribonucleic acid; IRF, interferon response factor; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; MAL, MyD88-adaptor-like; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; ssRNA, single-stranded ribonucleic acid; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TRAM, Toll-receptor-associated molecule; TRIF, Toll-receptor-associated activator of interferon.