Figure 2.

Odds ratio for risk of multidrug-resistant microbial aetiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Odds ratio for risk of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microbial aetiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) with increasing previous antibiotic exposure, expressed as the number of antibiotic classes* received before VAP diagnosis. * β-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins), carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides and linezolid, other antibiotics such as cotrimoxazole and colistin.