Figure 1.

Systemic hemodynamic parameters. (a) Changes in mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO₂) (mean ± SD) before (baseline) and during the different fluid treatment strategies. SvO₂ was the target parameter for fluid administration. (b) Changes in mean arterial pressure (mean ± SD) before (baseline) and during the different fluid treatment strategies. (c) Changes in cardiac index (mean ± SD) before (baseline) and during the different fluid treatment strategies. The restricted Ringer lactate fluid therapy (R-RL) group received 3 mL/kg per hour of lactated Ringer solution throughout the entire experiment. The goal-directed Ringer lactate fluid therapy (GD-RL) group received 3 mL/kg per hour of lactated Ringer solution plus 250 mL of lactated Ringer solution if SvO₂ was less than 60%. The goal-directed colloid fluid therapy (GD-C) group received 3 mL/kg per hour of lactated Ringer solution plus 250 mL of hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) if SvO₂ was less than 60%. Significant differences (P < 0.05) for area under the curve: ^#R-RL versus GD-RL, ^†R-RL versus GD-C, ^$GD-RL versus GD-C. Significant differences (P < 0.05) for analysis of variance for repeated measurements (Tukey post hoc test): *R-RL versus GD-RL, ^≠R-RL versus GD-C, ^§GD-RL versus GD-C. SD, standard deviation.