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Table 1
Cytokine/chemokine biomarkers identified in the literature search (with some selected references)
Sepsis marker	Evaluated in experimental studies	Evaluated in clinical studies	Evaluated as a prognostic factor	Comment

GRO-alpha [49,50]	√	C (m)	√	Higher in septic shock than in sepsis
High mobility group-box 1 protein (HMGB-1) [51,52]	√	C	√	No difference between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
IL-1 receptor antagonist [53-55]	√	A	√	Correlation with SOFA score
IL-1β [56,57]	√	A		Increased in septic compared with non-septic individuals
IL-2 [58]		B	√	Increased in parallel with disease severity
IL-4 [59]		C (s)	√	Increased levels associated with development of sepsis
IL-6 [48,60]	√	B	√*	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
IL-8 [61,62]		B	√***	Prediction of MOF, DIC
IL-10 [63-65]	√	B	√**	Higher in septic shock than sepsis, distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
IL-12 [66,67]	√	C	√	Predictive of lethal outcome from postoperative sepsis
IL-13 [68,69]	√	B	√	Higher in septic shock than sepsis
IL-18 [37,70]	√	B(s)	√	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 and- 2 [71,72]	√	A	√	Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) [42,73]	√	A	√**	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
Monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and 2 [42,74]	√	B	√*	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
Osteopontin [75]		B		Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls
RANTES [76,77]	√	B		Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls
TNF [78,79]	√	C	√	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with septic shock

sensitivity and specificity of less than 90%; sensitivity of more than 90% but specificity of less than 90%; **sensitivity and specificity more than 90%; A, Clinical study with less than 20 patients; B, Clinical study with 20 to 50 patients; C, Clinical study with more than 50 patients; (s), surgical patients only; (m), medical patients only. DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulopathy; MOF: multiple organ failure; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment.
Pierrakos and Vincent Critical Care 2010 14:R15 doi:10.1186/cc8872

Table 1