Table 10 |
||||
|
Biomarkers that have been assessed for use in the diagnosis of sepsis |
||||
|
Sepsis biomarker |
Clinical study |
Type of measurement |
Outcome |
|
|
|
||||
|
1 |
aPTT** [35] |
C |
c |
High negative predictive value |
|
2 |
CD11b*** [33] |
B |
s |
Higher values in neonates with sepsis than in those with possible infection |
|
3 |
CD25 [87] |
A |
s |
Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS |
|
4 |
C |
s |
Low sensitivity and specificity to distinguish between viral and bacterial infections |
|
|
5 |
Complement (C3, C4, C5a) [219] |
B |
s |
Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS |
|
6 |
EA complex [230] |
C |
s |
Diagnosis of sepsis, increased earlier than CRP |
|
7 |
ELAM-1 (cellular and soluble) [129] |
C(s) |
c |
Increased in trauma patients with sepsis compared with no sepsis |
|
8 |
Endocan [127] |
B |
s |
Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS |
|
9 |
E-Selectin (cellular and soluble) [136] |
B |
s |
Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS |
|
10 |
Fibrin degradation products [36] |
B |
s |
High negative predictive value |
|
11 |
Gas6 [241] |
B |
s |
Higher values in patients with severe sepsis compared with patients with organ failure but no sepsis |
|
12 |
G-CSF [237] |
C |
s |
Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS |
|
13 |
Gelsolin [238] |
B(s) |
c |
Higher in septic patients compared with patients without sepsis |
|
14 |
IL-1 receptor antagonist [55] |
C |
s |
Early diagnosis of sepsis before symptoms in newborns |
|
15 |
IL-8* [61] |
C |
s |
Higher in septic neutropenic patients compared with febril neutropenic patients without sepsis |
|
16 |
IL-10 [65] |
A |
s |
Higher in septic shock compared with cardiogenic shock |
|
17 |
IL-12*** [29] |
C |
s |
Diagnosis of sepsis in pediatric patients |
|
18 |
IL-18 [70] |
B(s) |
s |
Distinguished between Gram-positive and Gram-negative sepsis. Higher in trauma patients with sepsis than in those without |
|
19 |
IP-10*** [30] |
C |
s |
Early diagnosis of sepsis in newborns |
|
20 |
Laminin [38] |
A |
s |
Distinguished between Candida sepsis and bacterial sepsis |
|
21 |
LBP [204] |
C |
s |
Distinguished between Gram-positive sepsis and Gram-negative |
|
22 |
MCP-1 [61] |
C |
s |
Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS in neutropenic pediatric patients |
|
23 |
NO, nitrate, nitrite [161] |
B |
s |
Higher in septic shock compared with cardiogenic shock |
|
24 |
Osteopontin [75] |
B |
s |
Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS |
|
25 |
PAI-1 [118] |
B |
s |
Higher in patients with sepsis and DIC compared with no-septic patients with DIC |
|
26 |
Pentraxin 3 [207] |
C |
s |
Distinguished between septic shock and SIRS |
|
27 |
Peptidoglycan [262] |
B(s) |
c |
Higher in postoperative patients with infection compared with no-infected postoperative patients |
|
28 |
pFN [270] |
B |
s |
Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS |
|
29 |
PLA2-II (soluble)*** [31] |
B |
s |
Distinguished between bacteremic and non-bacteremic infections |
|
30 |
Serum lysozyme (enzyme activity) [258] |
B |
s |
Distinguished between sepsis and organ rejection in transplanted patients |
|
31 |
ST2 (soluble) [108] |
A |
s |
Higher in septic patients compared with those with no sepsis |
|
32 |
Surfactant protein (A, B, C, D) [192] |
B |
s |
Early diagnosis of ARDS in septic patients |
|
33 |
C |
s |
Distinguished between sepsis and SIRS, diagnosed pneumonia |
|
|
34 |
Troponin [193] |
B |
s |
Diagnosis of myocardial dysfunction in septic patients |
|
|
||||
|
*sensitivity and specificity of less than 90%; **sensitivity of more than 90% but specificity of less than 90%; ***sensitivity and specificity more than 90%; A, Clinical study with less than 20 patients; B, Clinical study with 20 to 50 patients; C, Clinical study with more than 50 patients; (s), surgical patients only; (m), medical patients only; s, single value; c, values over time. aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; CRP: C-reactive protein; DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulopathy; EA: elastase alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor; ELAM: endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; IP: interferon-induced protein; LBP: lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; MCP: monocyte chemotactic protein; NO: nitric oxide; PAI: plasminogen activator inhibitor; pFN: plasma fibronectin; PLA2: phospholipase A2; SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome; TREM: triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells. |
||||
|
Pierrakos and Vincent Critical Care 2010 14:R15 doi:10.1186/cc8872 |
||||
