Table 9 |
||||
|
Other biomarkers identified in the literature search (with some selected references) |
||||
|
Sepsis marker |
Evaluated in experimental studies |
Evaluated in clinical studies |
Evaluated as a prognostic factor |
Comment |
|
|
||||
|
√ |
||||
|
Albumin [209] |
√ |
|||
|
Anti-endotoxin core antibodies (EndoCab) [210] |
A |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
|
|
C |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
||
|
Bcl-2 [214] |
A |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
|
|
Beta-thromboglobulin [215] |
B |
√ |
Predicted response to therapy |
|
|
Caspase-1 [216] |
A |
Increased in septic shock compared with healthy controls |
||
|
Ceramide [217] |
B |
√** |
Predicted development of MOF |
|
|
Cholesterol [218] |
C |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with severe sepsis |
|
|
B(m) |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
||
|
Terminal complement complex [221] |
√ |
|||
|
√ |
B |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, correlated with SOFA score |
|
|
Dipeptidylpeptidase [224] |
B |
Decreased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
||
|
Diiodotyrosine (DIT) [225] |
C |
√ |
Increased in sepsis compared with non-septic critically ill |
|
|
√ |
A(s) |
√ |
Correlated with SAPS score, predicted response to therapy |
|
|
√ |
C(s) |
√ |
Predicted response to therapy in patients with joint infections |
|
|
C |
√ |
Predicted response to therapy |
||
|
Erythropoietin [232] |
A |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with septic shock, correlated with lactate levels |
|
|
F2 isoprostanes [233] |
B(m) |
√ |
Increased in infected diabetic patients compared with non-infected diabetics |
|
|
Fatty acid amide hydrolase [234] |
A |
√ |
Decreased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
|
|
Free DNA [235] |
B |
√* |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
|
|
B |
√** |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
||
|
Gelsolin [238] |
B(s) |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
|
|
√ |
||||
|
Growth arrest specific protein (Gas) 6 [241] |
B |
√ |
Correlated with APACHE II score in patients with severe sepsis |
|
|
√ |
C(s) |
Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
||
|
HDL cholesterol |
C |
√** |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, predicted polonged ICU length of stay |
|
|
HLA-G5 protein (soluble) [246] |
C(m) |
√* |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with septic shock |
|
|
H2S [247] |
√ |
|||
|
√ |
B |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with septic shock |
||
|
Hydrolytic IgG antibodies [250] |
B |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, correlation with SAPS II score |
|
|
Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (IalphaIp) [251] |
C |
√ |
Predicted development of MOF |
|
|
Intracellular nitric oxide in leukocyte [252] |
B |
√ |
Negatively correlated with SOFA score |
|
|
IP-10 [30] |
C |
Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
||
|
C |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, predicted response to therapy |
||
|
√ |
C(s) |
Predicted response to therapy |
||
|
√ |
B |
√ |
No prognostic value, higher in septic than in non-septic ICU patients |
|
|
Serum lysozyme (enzyme activity) [258] |
B(s) |
Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
||
|
Matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 [259] |
B |
Increased in severe sepsis compared with healthy controls |
||
|
Microparticles (cell derived) [252] |
B |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, correlation with SOFA score |
|
|
Neurotensin [260] |
√ |
|||
|
Nitrate excretion (urinary and expired) [261] |
√ |
|||
|
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) [262] |
A |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
|
|
NF-κB (activity and expression) [263] |
B |
√** |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with severe sepsis, correlation with APACHE II score |
|
|
Nucleosomes [264] |
C |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
||
|
Peptidoglycan [265] |
B(s) |
√ |
Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
|
|
PlGF [266] |
√ |
|||
|
A |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days, predicted development of MOF |
||
|
Plasma fibronectin [270] |
B |
√ |
Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
|
|
Plasmin alpha2-antiplasmin complex [271] |
C |
Predicted development of MOF |
||
|
Renin [272] |
B |
√ |
Correlation with lactate levels in patients with septic shock |
|
|
Resistin [273] |
C |
√ |
Correlation with APACHE II score in patients with severe sepsis |
|
|
Selenium [274] |
C |
√ |
Correlation with APACHE II in patients with severe sepsis |
|
|
Selenoprotein P [275] |
B |
Decraesed in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
||
|
Serum bicarbonate [276] |
A(m) |
√ |
Predicted development of septic shock in neutropenic patients |
|
|
Sphingomyelinase (enzyme activity) [277] |
A |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days in patients with severe sepsis |
||
|
Sulfite [278] |
√ |
B(m) |
√ |
Predicted response to therapy |
|
√ |
A(m) |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
||
|
TIMP-1 and 2 [259] |
B |
√* |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
|
|
TIMP-3 [281] |
√ |
|||
|
Uric acid [282] |
C(s) |
√ |
Decreased in postoperative patients with sepsis compared with those with no sepsis |
|
|
Urinary 8-OhdG [283] |
C |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
|
|
Urinary bilirubin oxidative metabolites (BOMs) [284] |
A |
√ |
Correlation with APACHE II score |
|
|
Annexin V binding [285] |
√ |
B(s) |
Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls |
|
|
Xanthine oxidase (activity) [286] |
C |
√ |
Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days |
|
|
|
||||
|
*sensitivity and specificity of less than 90%; **sensitivity of more than 90% but specificity of less than 90%; A, Clinical study with less than 20 patients; B, Clinical study with 20 to 50 patients; C, Clinical study with more than 50 patients; (s), surgical patients only; (m), medical patients only. APACHE: acute physiology and chronic health evalution; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; MOF: multiple organ failure; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; PlGF: placental growth factor; SAPS: simplified acute physiology score; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment; TIMP: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase. |
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|
Pierrakos and Vincent Critical Care 2010 14:R15 doi:10.1186/cc8872 |
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