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Table 1
Animal studies assessing possible therapeutic interventions for neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE)
Intervention	Animal model	Study design/results

Alpha Blockade
Phentolamine (1 mg/kg)	Rats	Prevented pulmonary edema after induced injury to anterior hypothalamus [23]
Phenoxybenzamine (3 mg/kg)	Dogs	Prevented pulmonary artery and systemic pressure increase after CSF pressure was increased from 100 to 200 mmHg [22]
Phenoxybenzamine (1.5 mg/kg)	Dogs	Prevented increases in pulmonary perfusion pressure and PVR and associated increases in lung water, Qs/Qt, VD, and hypoxemia induced by ICP elevation [50]
Phentolamine (2 mg/kg)	Sheep	Prevented the expected increase in permeability and lymph flow after CNS insult [38]
Beta Blockade
Propranolol (0.5 mg/kg)	Dogs	Pulmonary artery and systemic pressure unchanged with use of beta blocker after CSF pressure was increased from 100 to 200 mmHg [22]
Propranolol (1.5 mg/kg)	Dogs	Pretreatment with beta blocker attenuated the increase in PVR during elevation in ICP but did not prevent increases in lung water, Qs/Qt, VD, and hypoxemia [50]
Sympathetic Outflow Denervation
Bilateral thoracic sympathectomy	Dogs & Rabbits	Sympathectomy prior to induced CNS insult did not prevent pulmonary pressure elevation [35]
Spinal cord transection	Monkeys	NPE prevented by sympathetic denervation [18]
Cholinergic Influence
Vagotomy	Dogs & Rabbits	Vagotomy did not prevent increases in pulmonary vascular pressures [35]
Vagotomy	Monkeys	Vagotomy did not prevent NPE [18]
Other
Methylprednisone (40 mg/kg)	Rats	Prevented aconitine induced NPE and systemic HTN [51]
Hypovolemia	Rats	Lowering pulmonary blood volume by phlebotomy prevented aconitine induced NPE [51]
Naloxone	Sheep	Induced NPE could be prevented by opiate antagonism, suggesting a role for endorphins [45]

CNS, central nervous system; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; Qs/Qt, pulmonary shunt; VD, dead space.
Davison et al. Critical Care 2012 16:212 doi:10.1186/cc11226

Table 1