References

1. Braunwald E, Sonnenblick EH, Ross J: Mechanisms of cardiac contraction and relaxation.

   In: Heart Disease. Edited by Braunwald E. Philadelphia: WB Saunders company; 1988, 383-425.

2. Nixon JV, Murray RG, Leonard PD, Mitchell JH, Blomqvist CG: Effect of large variations in preload on left ventricular performance characteristics in normal subjects.

   Circulation 1982, 65:698-703. PubMed Abstract

3. Boldt J, Lenz M, Kumle B, Papsdorf M: Volume replacement strategies on intensive care units: results from a postal survey.

   Intensive Care Med 1998, 24:147-151. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

4. Calvin JE, Driedger AA, Sibbald WJ: The hemodynamic effect of rapid fluid infusion in critically ill patients.

   Surgery 1981, 90:61-76. PubMed Abstract

5. Reuse C, Vincent JL, Pinsky MR: Measurements of right ventricular volumes during fluid challenge.

   Chest 1990, 98:1450-1454. PubMed Abstract

6. Squara P, Journois D, Estagnasié P, Wysocki M, Brusset A, Dreyfuss D, Teboul JL: Elastic energy as an index of right ventricular filling.

   Chest 1997, 111:351-358. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

7. Michard F, Boussat S, Chemla D, Anguel N, Mercat A, Lecarpentier Y, Richard C, Pinsky MR, Teboul JL: Relation between respiratory changes in arterial pulse pressure and fluid responsiveness in septic patients with acute circulatory failure.

   Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 162:134-138. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

8. Tavernier B, Makhotine O, Lebuffe G, Dupont J, Scherpereel P: Systolic pressure variation as a guide to fluid therapy in patients with sepsis-induced hypotension.

   Anesthesiology 1998, 89:1313-1321. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

9. Tousignant CP, Walsh F, Mazer CD: The use of transesophageal echocardiography for preload assessment in critically ill patients.

   Anesth Analg 2000, 90:351-355. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

10. Diebel L, Wilson RF, Heins J, Larky H, Warsow K, Wilson S: End-diastolic volume versus pulmonary artery wedge pressure in evaluating cardiac preload in trauma patients.

    J Trauma 1994, 37:950-955. PubMed Abstract

11. Wagner JG, Leatherman JW: Right ventricular end-diastolic volume as a predictor of the hemodynamic response to a fluid challenge.

    Chest 1998, 113:1048-1054. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

12. Pinsky MR, Vincent JL, De Smet JM: Estimating left ventricular filling pressure during positive end-expiratory pressure in humans.

    Am Rev Respir Dis 1991, 143:25-31. PubMed Abstract

13. Teboul JL, Pinsky MR, Mercat A, Anguel N, Bernardin G, Achard JM, Boulain T, Richard C: Estimating cardiac filling pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with hyperinflation.

    Crit Care Med 2000, in press.

14. Raper R, Sibbald WJ: Misled by the wedge? The Swan-Ganz catheter and left ventricular preload.

    Chest 1986, 89:427-434. PubMed Abstract

15. Spinale FG, Mukherjee R, Tanaka R, Zile MR: The effects of valvular regurgitation on thermodilution ejection fraction measurements.

    Chest 1992, 101:723-731. PubMed Abstract

16. Urbanowicz JH, Shaaban J, Cohen NH, Cahalan MK, Botvinick EH, Chatterjee K, Schiller NB, Dae MW, Matthay MA: Comparison of transesophageal echocardiographic and scintigraphic estimates of left ventricular end-diastolic volume index and ejection fraction in patients following coronary artery bypass grafting.

    Anesthesiology 1990, 72:607-612. PubMed Abstract

17. Magder S: The cardiovascular management of the critically ill patients.

    In: Applied Cardiovascular Physiology. Edited by Pinsky MR. Berlin: Springer; 1997, 28-35.

18. Magder S, Georgiadis G, Cheong T: Respiratory variations in right atrial pressure predict the response to fluid challenge.

    J Crit Care 1992, 7:76-85.

19. Magder S, Lagonidis D: Effectiveness of albumin versus normal saline as a test of volume responsiveness in post-cardiac surgery patients.

    J Crit Care 1999, 14:164-171. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

20. Morgan BC, Martin WE, Hornbein TF, Crawford EW, Guntheroth WG: Hemodynamic effects of intermitent positive pressure ventilation.

    Anesthesiology 1966, 27:584-590. PubMed Abstract

21. Jardin F, Delorme G, Hardy A, Auvert B, Beauchet A, Bourdarias JP: Reevaluation of hemodynamic consequences of positive pressure ventilation: emphasis on cyclic right ventricular afterloading by mechanical lung inflation.

    Anesthesiology 1990, 72:966-970. PubMed Abstract

22. Permutt S, Wise RA, Brower RG: How changes in pleural and alveolar pressure cause changes in afterload and preload.

    In: Heart-Lung Interactions in Health and Disease. Edited by Scharf SM, Cassidy SS. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1989, 243-250.

23. Jardin F, Farcot JC, Gueret P, Prost JF, Ozier Y, Bourdarias JP: Cyclic changes in arterial pulse during respiratory support.

    Circulation 1983, 68:266-274. PubMed Abstract

24. Theres H, Binkau J, Laule M, Heinze R, Hundertmark J, Blobner M, Erhardt W, Baumann G, Stangl K: Phase-related changes in right ventricular cardiac output under volume-controlled mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure.

    Crit Care Med 1999, 27:953-958. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

25. Scharf SM, Brown R, Saunders N, Green LH: Hemodynamic effects of positive-pressure inflation.

    J Appl Physiol 1980, 49:124-131. PubMed Abstract

26. Brower R, Wise RA, Hassapoyannes C, Bronberger-Barnea B, Permutt S: Effects of lung inflation on lung blood volume and pulmonary venous flow.

    J Appl Physiol 1985, 58:954-963. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

27. Pinsky MR, Matuschak GM, Klain M: Determinants of cardiac augmentation by elevations in intrathoracic pressure.

    J Appl Physiol 1985, 58:1189-1198. PubMed Abstract

28. Fessler HE, Brower RG, Wise RA, Permutt S: Mechanism of reduced LV afterload by systolic and diastolic positive pleural pressure.

    J Appl Physiol 1988, 65:1244-1250. PubMed Abstract

29. Pizov R, Ya'ari Y, Perel A: The arterial pressure waveform during acute ventricular failure and synchronized external chest compression.

    Anesth Analg 1989, 68:150-156. PubMed Abstract

30. Szold A, Pizov R, Segal E, Perel A: The effect of tidal volume and intravascular volume state on systolic pressure variation in ventilated dogs.

    Intensive Care Med 1989, 15:368-371. PubMed Abstract

31. Pizov R, Cohen M, Weiss Y, Segal E, Cotev S, Perel A: Positive end-expiratory pressure-induced hemodynamic changes are reflected in the arterial pressure waveform.

    Crit Care Med 1996, 24:1381-1387. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

32. Guyton AC: .

    Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1991.

33. Michard F, Teboul JL: Respiratory changes in arterial pressure in mechanically ventilated patients.

    In: Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. Edited by Vincent JL. Berlin: Springer; 2000, 696-704.

34. Coyle JP, Teplick RS, Long MC: Respiratory variations in systemic arterial pressure as an indicator of volume status [abstract].

    Anesthesiology 1983, 59:A53.

35. Perel A, Pizov R, Cotev S: Systolic blood pressure variation is a sensitive indicator of hypovolemia in ventilated dogs subjected to graded hemorrhage.

    Anesthesiology 1987, 67:498-502. PubMed Abstract

36. Pizov R, Ya'ari Y, Perel A: Systolic pressure variation is greater during hemorrhage than during sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension in ventilated dogs.

    Anesth Analg 1988, 67:170-174. PubMed Abstract

37. Preisman S, Pfeiffer U, Lieberman N, Perel A: New monitors of intravascular volume: a comparison of arterial pressure waveform analysis and the intrathoracic blood volume.

    Intensive Care Med 1997, 23:651-657. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

38. Alec Rooke G, Schwid HA, Shapira Y: The effect of graded hemorrhage and intravascular volume replacement on systolic pressure variation in humans during mechanical and spontaneous ventilation.

    Anesth Analg 1995, 80:925-932. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

39. Coriat P, Vrillon M, Perel A, Baron JF, Le Bret F, Saada M, Viars P: A comparison of systolic blood pressure variations and echocardiographic estimates of end-diastolic left ventricular size in patients after aortic surgery.

    Anesth Analg 1994, 78:46-53. PubMed Abstract

40. Robotham JL, Cherry D, Mitzner W, Rabson JL, Lixfeld W, Bromberger-Barnea B: A re-evaluation of the hemodynamic consequences of intermittent positive pressure ventilation.

    Crit Care Med 1983, 11:783-793. PubMed Abstract

41. Denault AY, Gasior TA, Gorcsan J III, Mandarino WA, Deneault LG, Pinsky MR: Determinants of aortic pressure variation during positive-pressure ventilation in man.

    Chest 1999, 116:176-186. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

42. Berne RM, Levy MN: .

    Physiology, 4th edn. St Louis: Mosby; 1998.

43. Michard F, Chemla D, Richard C, Wysocki M, Pinsky MR, Lecarpentier Y, Teboul JL: Clinical use of respiratory changes in arterial pulse pressure to monitor the hemodynamic effects of PEEP.

    Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 159:935-939. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

44. Penaz J: Criteria for set point estimation in the volume clamp method of blood pressure measurement.

    Physiol Res 1992, 41:5-10. PubMed Abstract

45. Imholz BP, Wieling W, van Montfrans GA, Wesseling KH: Fifteen years experience with finger arterial pressure monitoring: assessment of the technology.

    Cardiovasc Res 1998, 38:605-616. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

46. Michard F, Mercat A, Chemla D, Richard C, Teboul JL: Non invasive assessment of respiratory changes in arterial pulse pressure by infrared photoplethysmography in mechanically ventilated patients [abstract].

    Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 159:A520.

47. Feissel M, Michard F, Mangin I, Ruyer O, Faller JP, Teboul JL: Respiratory changes in aortic blood velocity as an indicator of fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients with septic shock.

    Chest 2000, in press.