References

  1. Pflueger E: Ueber die Diffusion des Sauerstoffs, den Ort und die Grenze der Oxydationsprozesse im thierischen Organismus.

    Pfluegers Arch Gesamte Physiol Menschen Thiere 1872, 43-64. OpenURL

  2. Foex P: Indices of myocardial performance.

    In Cardiovascular Measurement in Anaesthesiology. (Edited by: Prys-Roberts C, Vickers MD). Berlin: Springer 1982, 110-131. OpenURL

  3. Singer M: Esophageal Doppler monitoring of aortic blood flow: beat-by-beat cardiac output monitoring.

    Int Anesthesiol Clin 1993, 31:99-125. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  4. Dobb GJ, Donavan KD: Non-invasive methods of measuring cardiac output.

    Intensive Care Med 1987, 13:304-309. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  5. Edwards JD: Limitations in hemodynamic monitoring.

    In Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. (Edited by: Vincent JL). Berlin: Springer 1986, 207-210. OpenURL

  6. Kööbi T, Kaukinen S, Turjanmaa VMH: Cardiac output can be reliably measured noninvasivley after coronary artery bypass grafting operation.

    Crit Care Med 1999, 27:2206-2211. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  7. Boldt J: Noninvasive versus invasive hemodynamic monitoring.

    Anaesthetist 1988, 37:218-223. OpenURL

  8. Swan HJC: Hemodynamic monitoring in anesthesiology past, present and future.

    J Cardiothorac Anesth 1989, 3:356-360. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  9. Kaplan JA, Wells PH: Early diagnosis of myocardial ischemia using the pulmonary artery catheter.

    Anesth Analg 1981, 60:789-793. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  10. Waller JL, Johnson SP, Kaplan JA: Usefulness of the pulmonary artery catheters during aortocoronary bypass surgery.

    Anesth Analg 1982, 61:221-222. OpenURL

  11. Gore JM, Goldberg RJ, Spodick DH: A community-wide assessment of the use of pulmonary artery catheters in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

    Chest 1987, 92:721-727. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  12. Tuman KJ: Does pulmonary artery catheterization improve outcome in high risk cardiac surgery patients? [Abstract].

    Anesth Analg 1988, 67:S237. OpenURL

  13. Mangano DT: Monitoring pulmonary artery pressure in coronary artery disease.

    Anesthesiology 1980, 53:364-368. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  14. Sise MJ, Hollingsworth P, Brimm JE: Complications of the flow-directed pulmonary artery catheter: A prospective analysis in 219 patients.

    Crit Care Med 1981, 9:315-320. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  15. Reinhart K: Principles and practicle of SvO2 monitoring.

    Intensive Care World 1988, 5:121-124. OpenURL

  16. Bihari D, Grimson A, Waterson M, Williams R: Tissue hypoxia during fulminant hepatic failure.

    Crit Care Med 1984, 12:233-241. OpenURL

  17. Sibbald WS, Drieger AA: Right ventricular function in acute disease states: Pathophysiologic consideration.

    Crit Care Med 1983, 11:339-345. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  18. Zwissler B, Briegel J: Right ventricular catheter.

    Curr Opin Crit Care 1998, 4:177-183. OpenURL

  19. Martyn JAJ, Snider MT, Farago LF, Burke JF: Thermodilution right ventricular volume: A novel and better predictor of volume replacement in acute thermal injury.

    J Trauma 1981, 21:619-624. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  20. Hoffman MJ, Greenfield LL, Sugerman HJ: Unsuspected right ventricular ventricular dysfunction in shock and sepsis.

    Nucl Med 1983, 198:307-312. OpenURL

  21. Hurford WE, Zapol WM: The right ventricle and critical illness: a review of anatomy, physiology, and clinical evaluation of its function.

    Intensive Care Med 1988, 14(suppl 2):448-457. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  22. Maruschak GF, Schauble JF: Limitation of thermodilution ejection fraction: Degration of frequency response by catheter mounting of fast response thermistor.

    Crit Care Med 1986, 13:679-682. OpenURL

  23. Robin ED: The cult of the Swan-Ganz catheter. Overuse and abuse of pulmonary artery flow catheters.

    Ann Intern Med 1985, 103:445-449. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  24. Lowenstein E, Teplic T: (PA) catheterize or not to (PA) catheterize that is the question.

    Anesthesiology 1980, 53:361-363. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  25. Connors AFJ, Speroff T, Dawson NV, Thomas C, Harrell FEJ, Wagner D, Desbiens N, Goldman L, Wu AW, Califf RM, Fulkerson WJ Jr, Vidaillet H, Broste S, Bellamy P, Lynn J, Knaus WA: The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in initial care of critically ill patients.

    JAMA 1996, 276:889-897. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  26. Ivanov R, Allen J, Calvin J: The incidence of major morbidity in critically ill patients managed with pulmonary artery catheters: A meta-analysis.

    Crit Care Med 2000, 28:615-619. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  27. Boyd O, Grounds RM, Bennett ED: A randomized clinical trial of the effect of deliberate increase of oxygen delivery on mortality in high-risk surgical patients.

    JAMA 1993, 270:2699-2707. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  28. Gattinoni L, Brazzi L, Pelosi P, Latini R, Tognoni G, Pesenti A, Fumagalli R: A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients.

    N Engl J Med 1995, 333:1025-1032. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  29. Heyland DK, Cook DJ, King D, Kernerman P, Brun-Buisson C: Maximizing organ delivery in critically ill patients: a methodological appraisal of the evidence.

    Crit Care Med 1996, 24:517-524. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  30. Boyd O, Bennett D: Enhancement of perioperative tissue perfusion as a therapeutic strategy for major surgery.

    New Horiz 1996, 4:453-465. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  31. Taylor RW Jr, Calvin JE, Matuschak GM: Pulmonary Artery Catheter Consensus Conference: the first step.

    Crit Care Med 1997, 25:2060-2063. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  32. Lewis FR, Elings VB, Hill SL, Christensen J: Measurement of extravscular lung water by thermal-green dye indicator dilution.

    Ann NY Acad Sci 1982, 384:394-400. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  33. Hudson E, Beale R: Lung water and blood volume measurements in the critically ill.

    Curr Opin Crit Care 2000, 6:222-226. Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  34. Hoyt JD, Leatherman JW: Interpretation of the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with large respiratory excursions in intrathoracic pressure.

    Intensive Care Med 1997, 23:1125-1131. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  35. Sakka SG, Bredle DL, Reinhardt K, Meier-Hellmann A: Comparison between intrathoracic blood volume and cardiac filling pressures in the early phase of hemodynamic instability of patients with sepsis or septic shock.

    J Crit Care Med 1999, 14:78-83. OpenURL

  36. Sivak ED, Wiedemann HP: Clinical measurement of extravascular lung water.

    Critical Care Clin North Am 1986, 2:511-526. OpenURL

  37. Mitchell JP, Schuller D, Calandrino FS, Schuster DP: Improved outcome based on fluid management in critically ill patients requiring pulmonary artery catheterization.

    Am Rev Respir Dis 1992, 145:990-998. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  38. Eisenberg PR, Hansbrough JR, Anderson D, Schuster DP: A prospective study on lung water measurement during patient management in an intensive care unit.

    Am Rev Respir Dis 1987, 136:662-668. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  39. Poelaert JI, Schüpfer G, Poortmans G: Transesophageal echocardiography: the relationship between pressure, flow and function.

    In Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. (Edited by: Vincent JL). Berlin: Springer 2000, 681-695. OpenURL

  40. Gan TJ: The esophageal Doppler as an alternative to the pulmonary artery catheter.

    Curr Opin Crit Care Med 2000, 6:214-221. Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  41. Cahalan MK, Litt L, Botvinick EH: Advances in noninvasive cardiovascular imaging: Implications for the anesthesiologist.

    Anesthesiology 1987, 66:356-372. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  42. Tamm JW, Nichol J, MacDiarmid AL, Lazarow N, Wolfe K: What is the real clinical utility of echocardiography? A prospective observational study.

    J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999, 12:689-697. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  43. Voga G, Krivec B: Echocardiography in the intensive care unit.

    Curr Opin Crit Care 2000, 6:207-213. Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  44. Pittard AJ, Hawkins WJ, Webster NR: The role of the microcirculation in the multi-organ dysfunction syndrome.

    Clin Intensive Care 1994, 5:186-190. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  45. Siegemund M, van Bommel J, Ince C: Assessment of regional tissue oxygenation.

    Intensive Care Med 1999, 25:1044-1066. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  46. Hanique G, Dugernier T, Laterre PF, Dougnac A, Roeseler J, Reynaert MS: Significance of pathologic oxygen supply dependency in critically ill patients: comparison between measured and calculated methods.

    IntensiveCare Med 1994, 20:12-18. OpenURL

  47. Ince C, Sinaasappel M: Microcirculatory oxygenation and shunting in sepsis and shock.

    Crit Care Med 1999, 27:1369-1377. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  48. Mizok BA, Falk JL: Lactic acidosis in critical illness.

    Crit Care Med 1992, 20:80-93. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  49. Bakker J, Coffernils M, Leon M, Gris O, Vincent JL: Blood lactate levels are superior to oxygen-derived variables in predicting outcome in human septic shock.

    Chest 1994, 99:956-962. OpenURL

  50. Takala J: Splanchnic perfusion in shock.

    Intensive Care Med 1994, 20:403-404. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  51. Marik PE, Iglesias J, Marini B: Gastric intramucosal pH changes after volume replacement with hydroxyethyl starch or crystalloid in patients undergoing elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

    J Crit Care 1997, 12:51-55. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  52. Russell JA: Gastric tonometry: does it work?

    Intensive Care Med 1997, 23:3-6. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  53. Mythen MG, Webb AR: The role of gut mucosal hypoperfusion in the pathogenesis of postoperative organ dysfunction.

    Intensive Care Med 1994, 20:203-209. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  54. Kolkman JJ, Otte JA, Groeneveld ABJ: Gastrintestinal luminal pCO2 tonometry: an update on physiology, methodology and clincal applications.

    Br J Anaesth 2000, 84:74-86. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  55. Hamilton MA, Mythen MG: Gastric tonometry: where do we stand?

    Curr Opin Crit Care 2001, 7:122-127. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  56. Brinkmann A, Calcia E, Trüger K, Radermacher P: Monitoring the hepatosplanchnic region in the critically ill patients.

    Intensive Care Med 1998, 24:542-556. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  57. Pargger H, Hampl KF, Christen P, Staender S, Scheidegger D: Gastric intramucosal pH-guided therapy in patients after elective repair of infrarenal abdominal aneurysms: is it beneficial?

    Intensive Care Med 1998, 24:769-776. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  58. Jobsis FF: Non-invasive infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial sufficiency and circulatory parameters.

    Science 1977, 198:1264-1267. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  59. Guery BPH, Mangalaboyi J, Menager P, Mordon S, Vallet B, Chopin C: Redox status of cytochrome a,a3: A non-invasive indicator of dysoxia in regional hypoxic or ischemic hypoxia.

    Crit Care Med 1999, 27:576-582. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  60. Wahr JA, Temper KK, Samra S, Delpy DT: Near-infrared spectroscopy: theory and applications.

    J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1996, 11:406-418. OpenURL

  61. Valadka AB, Gopinath SP, Contant CF, Uzura M, Robertson CS: Relationship of brain tissue pO2 to outcome after severe head injury.

    Crit Care Med 1998, 26:1576-1581. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  62. Boekstegers P, Weidenhöfer S, Kapsner T, Werdan K: Skeletal muscle partial pressure of oxygen in patients with sepsis.

    Crit Care Med 1994, 22:640-650. PubMed Abstract OpenURL