Figure 1.

Schematic representation of potential cardiopulmonary interactions with changes in intrathoracic pressure (ITP) and lung volume (redrawn with permission from [137]). To obtain a more focused view of these numerous interactions, one can simply group all hemodynamic effects of ventilation into processes that, by changing lung volume and ITP, affect left ventricular (LV) preload, contractility and afterload [6]. RV, right ventricular.